Combined Citric Acid and Glutathione Augments Lead (Pb) Stress Tolerance and Phytoremediation of Castorbean through Antioxidant Machinery and Pb Uptake

Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic elements on earth. The main origins Pb pollution are automobiles, paint and electroplating industries. Pb-induced stress has very effects plant growth biomass. concentration reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells significantly increases under stress, which interrupts biochemical cycles leads to cell death. Therefore, it essential clean up Pb-polluted soils. Among all techniques that used soil metal-contaminated, best technique phytoremediation. present study intends determine role citric acid (CA) glutathione (GSH) phytoremediation by using castor bean plants. Plant biomass was reduced due stress. toxicity also harmful photosynthetic pigments antioxidant enzymes activities. In reverse, content malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 electrolyte leakage (EL) were increased combined application GSH CA enhanced pigments, enzyme activities minimized MDA, EL amount roots leaves remarkably joint GSH. (5 mM + 25 mM, respectively) proven be beneficial compared control. From results, we can conclude promoted helped host combat toxicity.